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SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 600 million people worldwide over the last 2.5 years. So far, there efficacy of many antiviral drugs against COVID-19 has been evaluated only in small studies conducted in different countries. Objective. To assess the efficacy of umifenovir in patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods. We performed systematic search of publications in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Sixteen studies with a total of 1,843 patients were included in the analysis. The following endpoints were evaluated: frequencies of negative PCR test on days 7 and 14;mortality in patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease;and frequency of fever resolution on day 7. Results. We found that patients receiving umifenovir demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of negative PCR test on day 7 than patients who received no causal therapy or other antiviral drugs (odds ratio (OR) 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-2.62, p = 0.02, I2 = 13%). This difference was even more significant among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.24-3.32, p = 0.005, I2 = 0%), as well as on day 14 (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.35-3.94, p = 0.0007, I2 = 50%). We also observed a reduced risk of death in the studies that included only patients with mild and moderate disease (JR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.33-0.83, p = 0.006, I2 = 0). Umifenovir therapy did not affect the frequency of fever resolution by day 7 (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.49-1.56, p = 0.64, I2 = 0%). Conclusion. Umifenovir significantly accelerated virus elimination by days 7 and 14 among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Umifenovir also reduced the risk of death compared to other antiviral drugs.Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.
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SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 600 million people worldwide over the last 2.5 years. So far, there efficacy of many antiviral drugs against COVID-19 has been evaluated only in small studies conducted in different countries. Objective. To assess the efficacy of umifenovir in patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods. We performed systematic search of publications in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Sixteen studies with a total of 1,843 patients were included in the analysis. The following endpoints were evaluated: frequencies of negative PCR test on days 7 and 14;mortality in patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease;and frequency of fever resolution on day 7. Results. We found that patients receiving umifenovir demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of negative PCR test on day 7 than patients who received no causal therapy or other antiviral drugs (odds ratio (OR) 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-2.62, p = 0.02, I2 = 13%). This difference was even more significant among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.24-3.32, p = 0.005, I2 = 0%), as well as on day 14 (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.35-3.94, p = 0.0007, I2 = 50%). We also observed a reduced risk of death in the studies that included only patients with mild and moderate disease (JR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.33-0.83, p = 0.006, I2 = 0). Umifenovir therapy did not affect the frequency of fever resolution by day 7 (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.49-1.56, p = 0.64, I2 = 0%). Conclusion. Umifenovir significantly accelerated virus elimination by days 7 and 14 among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Umifenovir also reduced the risk of death compared to other antiviral drugs.Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of using etiotropic therapy with favipiravir and molnupiravir that can selectively bind and inhibit not only SARS-CoV-2 proteins but also other RNA-containing pathogens of acute respiratory diseases. High transmission of pathogens, the risk of becoming chronic, frequent complications, cases of co-infection with several pathogens, which can lead to a more severe course of the disease, insufficient vaccination effectiveness, all this requires additional strategies for both prevention and treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which has no equivalent in human cells, is involved in RNA synthesis and is an excellent therapeutic target for diseases caused by RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The long process of drug development and the "reuse" of drugs approved for other indications or successfully tested in terms of safety and tolerability pose the challenge of rapid establishment of an effective drug, including for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19.Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of using etiotropic therapy with favipiravir and molnupiravir that can selectively bind and inhibit not only SARS-CoV-2 proteins but also other RNA-containing pathogens of acute respiratory diseases. High transmission of pathogens, the risk of becoming chronic, frequent complications, cases of co-infection with several pathogens, which can lead to a more severe course of the disease, insufficient vaccination effectiveness, all this requires additional strategies for both prevention and treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which has no equivalent in human cells, is involved in RNA synthesis and is an excellent therapeutic target for diseases caused by RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The long process of drug development and the "reuse" of drugs approved for other indications or successfully tested in terms of safety and tolerability pose the challenge of rapid establishment of an effective drug, including for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19. Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of using etiotropic therapy with favipiravir and molnupiravir that can selectively bind and inhibit not only SARS-CoV-2 proteins but also other RNA-containing pathogens of acute respiratory diseases. High transmission of pathogens, the risk of becoming chronic, frequent complications, cases of co-infection with several pathogens, which can lead to a more severe course of the disease, insufficient vaccination effectiveness, all this requires additional strategies for both prevention and treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which has no equivalent in human cells, is involved in RNA synthesis and is an excellent therapeutic target for diseases caused by RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The long process of drug development and the "reuse" of drugs approved for other indications or successfully tested in terms of safety and tolerability pose the challenge of rapid establishment of an effective drug, including for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19. Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House.
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In conclusion, topical aspects of the etiotropic therapy of a new coronavirus infection and the prospects for the use of SKYVIRA 1 , which is a Russian-made combined drug in the form of tablets based on INN nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, are presented. Target. Determination of the place of medicines based on the INN nirmatrelvir + ritonavir in the etiotropic therapy of patients with a new coronavirus infection, depending on the severity of the course and the timing of the visit to the doctor. Determination of the paradigm for further studies of drugs based on nirmatrelvir. Copyright © 2022, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.
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Background. The ongoing pandemic of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) determines the relevance of the analysis of epidemiological patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread among the population of the Russian Federation. Aim — study of the manifestations of the epidemic process of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation in 2020–2022. Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation was carried out from 03/30/2020 to 04/24/2022. The data from the Rospotrebnadzor report No. 970 “Information on cases of infectious diseases in persons with suspected new coronavirus infection”, information portal Stopcoronavirus.rf, etc. were used. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Results and discussion. The analysis of the manifestations of the epidemic process of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation in 2020–2022 showed the presence of two stages which differed depending on the influence of the biological factor and the ongoing anti-epidemic measures. There was a pronounced trend in the development of the epidemic process, starting from megacities (Moscow, Moscow region and St. Petersburg), which are major transport hubs and centers of migration activity of the population, to the regions of the Russian Federation. The SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity has been shown to decrease with each subsequent cycle of the rise in the incidence of COVID-19 against the background of the increased contagiousness of the virus. Conclusion. As a result of the study, risk areas (megacities) and risk groups were identified. © 2022, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology. All rights reserved.
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The aim of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of COVID-19 epidemic process in selected countries of the world during the first pandemic wave in 2020 and during the rise of SARS-CoV2 variant Omicron. Materials and research methods. Analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic process was based on data from the Wordometers website (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries). In addition, scientific and popular science articles and official documents on the history, epidemiology, and response to the pandemic in different countries of the world in 2020-2022 were analyzed. The authors' own observations were also used. Results of the study and their analysis. Restrictive measures adopted in the People's Republic of China (PRC), mass screening of the population, observation of those arriving in the country and hospitalization of all those infected made it possible to virtually reduce the circulation of the virus to zero. In the Russian Federation, timely simultaneous epidemic control measures throughout the country resulted in a significant decline in the intensity of the epidemic, both early in the pandemic and after local Omicron transmission, and prevented explosive growth of cases. In the USA, Italy and Sweden, untimely or lenient restrictive measures and low testing during selected periods of the pandemic led to an avalanche of cases and deaths. Thus the epidemic process of COVID1-9 in the analysed countries depended on the timeliness, duration and extent of restrictive and quarantine measures. © 2022, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. All rights reserved.
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Microbiological monitoring after infectious diseases in the system of epidemiological surveillance implies simultaneous pathogen identification both among patients and in hospital environment. Our aim is to assess potential hospital environmental hazard for the two in-patient infectious disease hospitals of the Khabarovsk city by using bacteriological and epidemiological analysis during new coronavirus disease pandemic. Materials and methods. Bacteriological assessment of nasopharyngeal microflora in 241 patients suffering from community-acquired pneumonia that were hospitalized in the two prevention and treatment facilities of the Khabarovsk city was performed. Sanitary-bacteriological control of hospital environment (428 hospital environment samples and 91 air samples) was carried out in parallel. Bacteriological assessment was performed with classical methods. Identification of isolated bacteriological pathogens and evaluation of drug-resistant strains were carried out by utilizing bacteriological analyzer Vitek 2 Compact. Results. Nine different pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus haemolyticus) were isolated in 20 out of 428 samples — 4.7% [2.7–6.7]. Half of isolated agents — 2.3% [0.9–3.8] — were represented by drug-resistant isolates (10 out of 20 isolates) including 5 carbapenem-resistant isolates (Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 5 isolates with multiple drug resistance (Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus haemolyticus). Air samples contained pathogenic biological agents found in 6 out of 91 samples — 6.6% [1.5–11.7], and half of them — 3.3% [0.6–7.9] — were identified as drug-resistant variants, including S. aureus и S. haemolyticus. One of the surveyed hospitals was recognized as more hazardous due to microflora isolated from intensive care unit (A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were resistant to 3rd–4th generation cephalosporins and carbapenems). Conclusion. Revealed circulation of wide range of microorganisms isolated from environment of two in-patient hospitals indicates high risk of healthcare-associated infections formation. Intensive care units can serve as a reservoir of healthcare-associated infections due to high percentage of patients with severe disease cases (“main reservoir” of drug-resistant strains).
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, many infection foci were registered in dormitories. Therefore, it is critical to have a clear understanding of the effectiveness of antiepidemic measures (AEMs) that appear to be one of the most important method to prevent the spread of the virus. Objective. To provide a scientific rationale for AEMs used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in dormitories. Materials and methods. We compared the epidemic process in 5 representative COVID-19 foci, depending on AEMs initiated at these foci. The t-test was used to check the statistical hypothesis (p ≤ 0.05). Results. The epidemiological analysis demonstrated that the severity of COVID-19 epidemic process correlated with the effectiveness of AEMs. Absence of AEMs during focus formation promoted rapid spread of the virus among residents on all floors of the dormitory. The epidemic process in these dormitories was characterized by a chronic course with a high incidence rate. The implementation of a complex of AEMs when first COVID-19 cases were registered prevented the formation of a large infection focus and facilitated its timely isolation. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that AEMs are the main measures to limit focal incidence of COVID-19 in the dormitories of Moscow.
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Objective. Detection of additional factors favoring progression of COVID-19 and developing lethal outcomes in hospitalized patients. Materials and methods. Analysis of 98 medical records of lethal cases of patients that underwent hospitalization with diagnosis of COVID-19 associated pneumonia of two in-patient facilities of the Amur oblast and Khabarovsk krai was performed. Two groups were formed: first included medical records of patients hospitalized in severe condition (n = 52) and second group included patients with state of moderate severity (n = 46). Length of hospitalization stay, time from admission to the medical facility to progression of the disease, time from hospitalization to death and bacterial pathogens species composition isolated from lungs tissue autopsy material were analyzed. Statistical assessment of obtained data was performed with StatSoft Statistica 12.0. Results. Majority of patients of 1st and 2nd groups (66.7 ± 6.80% and 69.6 ± 6.78%) were hospitalized on fourth day of the COVID-19 clinical manifestations onset or later. Two thirds of patients hospitalized in severe condition progressed to critical health status on 1st–3rd day of hospitalization. Majority of second group patients (65.2 ± 7.02%) deteriorated from moderate severity to severe health condition on 4th–14th day of hospital stay. Bacteriological assessment analysis of autopsy material revealed that material obtained from first group showed more frequent absence of bacterial flora growth compared with second group both in the Amur oblast (44.4 ± 9.74% и 29.4 ± 11.39%) and in the Khabarovsk krai (в 40.0 ± 10.0% and 27.6 ± 8.45% of cases). Klebsiella pneumoniae (57.7 ± 5.86%) and Candida spp. (18.3 ± 4.59%) were revealed more frequently in the structure of diagnosed pathogens. Substantial proportion of pathogens (81.7 ± 4.59%) were isolated in autopsy material of patients which hospital stay was 4 days and longer. Prolonged hospital stay was associated with more frequent detection of K. pneumoniae and Candida spp. in patients that suffered from COVID-19 pneumonia and eventually died from the disease. With duration of hospitalization of 4 days and longer Acinetobacter baumannii – an extremely virulent pathogen with natural drug resistance was isolated from autopsy material. Conclusion. Factors influencing unfavorable outcomes of COVID-19 include signs of secondary bacterial infection as well as detection of aggressive drug-resistant bacterial microflora that most likely had nosocomial origin due to prolonged hospitalization. © 2021, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.
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The Subway is the most important means of transport in Moscow. The active flows of passengers in the metro can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases with airborne and contact mechanisms of transmission, including the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the level of adherence to the use of personal protective equipment (facial masks, gloves) by passengers of the Moscow Subway. Materials and methods. A prospective study based on a visual assessment of passengers in a rolling stock of the Moscow subway, with division into cohorts of those using masks and gloves (K1), using only masks (K2), using masks in violation of the rules of use (K3) and not using personal protection equipment (K4) was conducted. Observations were carried out during the 42nd and 43rd weeks of 2020 in various subway clusters with a division in time into morning, afternoon and evening hours. Additionally, passengers were ranked into groups by occupation during the trip. Statistical processing included the identification of frequencies, their 95 % confidence intervals. To compare the significance of differences in the prevalence of features in paired groups, the methods of 4-field tables (χ2 Pearson) were used. Results and discussion. 18053 observations were validated, covering 61.3 % of stations. Men accounted for 54.7 % (9867). During the observation period, the following shares were established: K1 - 5.2 % (95 % CI 4.9-5.5), K2 - 51.9 % (95 % CI 51.2-52.7), K3 - 26.9 (95 % CI 26.2-27.6), K4 - 16 % (95 % CI 15.4-16.6). The level of adherence to the proper use of PPE is significantly lower among men. Land lines have the lowest proportion of passengers using PPE. Among passengers using electronic devices and paper media, a higher proportion of those wearing masks with violation of the rules of use, compared to passengers without activities, was established. Among passengers using electronic devices, the proportion of those using gloves is the lowest. Within two weeks of follow-up, a significant increase in the frequency of PPE use was revealed. © 2021 Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute. All rights reserved.
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Aim. Identification of epidemiological patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 spread among the population of St. Petersburg during the one-year COVID-19 pandemic period. Materials and methods. The performed analysis focused on the dynamics of COVID-19 cases in St. Petersburg from 2/3/2020 to 4/4/2021 and on the gender-age profile of patients. The information about patients (age, gender, type of the disease, hospitalization, social, and occupational status) was obtained from the database containing the materials from statistical data form No. 058/u. Results. After one year, the dynamics of reported cases of COVID-19 in St. Petersburg shows two cycles of seasonal surge (spring and autumn-winter) and 8 epidemic periods. It has been found that there are no gender-age differences among COVID-19 patients, which can be seen from the relatively similar number of cases among men and women per 100,000 people in each age group during specific epidemic periods. The strong association between clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and the patients’ age was detected: Severe cases were more frequently diagnosed in patients over 70 years, regardless of their gender identity. Based on the social and occupational status, the people who were most exposed to the COVID-19 epidemic process were retirees and people whose occupation was associated with health and safety of St. Petersburg. Among the COVID-19 patients, retirees accounted for 13.69% (men) and 17.67% (women). The proportion of healthcare workers was 3.67% (men) and 9.41% (women). Conclusion. It has been assumed that COVID-19 tends to be a seasonal disease featuring annual autumn-winter epidemic cycles. The study addressed prospects of preventive vaccination against COVID-19 in Russia and the importance of tracking the complications pathogenetically associated with the acute phase of the disease in the system of epidemiological surveillance. © 2021, Central Research Institute for Epidemiology. All rights reserved.
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Background. The COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation, which began in March 2020, caused serious damage to health of the population and led to severe economic losses. By December 28, 2020, 3 078 035 cases of COVID-19 and 55 265 lethal outcomes were registered in the country. The population of all territorial subjects of the country is involved in the epidemic process of COVID-19. The severe epidemiological situation made it necessary to conduct an analysis to identify the factors that determine the high intensity of the epidemic process, as well as the population groups with the highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aims - to study the patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread and the epidemiological features of the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Russian Federation in 2020. Methods. An epidemiological analysis of the COVID-19 situation in the Russian Federation was carried out to determine the dynamics of morbidity, the gender proportion and age structure of patients, the proportion of hospitalized patients, the ratio of various forms of infection, the social and professional status of patients. Standard methods of descriptive statistics Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA 12.0 (StatSoft, USA) were used for statistical processing. The mean values were estimated with a 95% confidence interval [95% CI] (the exact Klopper - Pearson method). Results. During the observation time (2020), several periods were identified in the dynamics of the new COVID-19 cases detection: the period of importation of SARS-CoV-2 and the increase in morbidity, the period of epidemic decline, the period of autumn growth, the period of sustained high incidence of COVID-19. It was found that people over 70 years of age are the group with the highest risk of infection and a more severe course of COVID-19. The presence of target contingents among social and professional groups of the population, which should include medical workers, retired person, employees of educational institutions, law enforcement agencies, transport, who require special attention and medical and social support, was shown. Conclusions. The analysis showed that the large-scale spread of COVID-19 requires in-depth epidemiological studies and the development of additional disease control measures, taking into account the dynamics of the incidence of this socially significant infection.
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Relevance. During the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the organized collectives of Moscow, living in public housing organizations (dormitories) with different planning arrangements, were one of the most vulnerable groups of the population prone to focal morbidity. The purpose of the study. To conduct a comparative clinical and epidemiological assessment of the epidemic process of COVID-19 in dormitories, depending on the type of their planning device. Materials and methods. In the period from 12.04 to 23.06.2020, a selective longitudinal prospective analytical study of the course of the epidemic process was conducted in the foci of COVID-19, formed dormitories of different types of planning devices with a total number of 3,228 patients. For statistical processing of the results, one-factor analysis of variance and correlation analysis using the Cheddock scale were used. We used the following programs: IBM SPSS Statistics V. 23. 0, Analysis ToolPak Excel. Results and discussion. The planning arrangement of buildings for public accommodation was a fundamental factor influencing the course of the COVID-19 epidemic process in dormitories. The epidemic process in the dormitories of the reported type had an earlier development, the first foci of COVID-19 began to form already on 12.04.2020, which was 7 days ahead of the formation of foci in isolated dormitories. The average growth rate in the dormitories of the reported type was equal to 8.4%, which was 5.3 times higher than the corresponding indicator in the dormitories of the isolated type. The infection rate (Rt), indicating the intensity of the spread of the infectious process, was 1.5 times higher in the dormitories of the reported type. In the studied period of time from 12.04.2020 to 23.06.2020, the number of infected COVID-19 in the dormitories of the isolated type was significantly less than in the dormitories of the reported type: there were 4 cases of infection per 100 guests of the dormitories of the isolated type, while in the reported dormitories there were 10 cases of COVID-19 per 100 residents. The contagiousness of the virus in combination with a long course of focal morbidity led to the development of severe forms of COVID-19. The coefficient of occurrence of severe forms of COVID-19 on average in isolated dormitories was equal to 1.1%, while in dormitories of the reported type, the studied coefficient was 11 times higher and averaged 11.6%. Conclusion. The type of planning arrangement of collective living organizations was a fundamental factor influencing the course of the COVID-19 epidemic process in hostels. The complex of necessary anti-epidemic measures aimed at localizing and eliminating the outbreak of COVID-19 directly depended on this factor. © 2021, Numikom. All rights reserved.
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Objective. To perform an interim analysis of epidemiological parameters of COVID-19 related to contacts and secondary cases of infection in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. We analyzed 190,856 primary COVID-19 cases and 146,996 people who had been in contact with them. We used some data of monitoring performed by the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing in January–June 2020. We characterized the foci of infection and people who had contacts with primary COVID-19 cases and secondary cases of infection. Results. Just over half (50.02%) of study participants who had contacts with COVID-19 contacted with primary patients with mild disease, whereas 45.40% of individuals contacted with patients with moderate disease and 4.58% of individuals had contacts with patients with severe disease. Patients with mild COVID-19 interacted with more people, which resulted in a greater number of secondary cases of infection. The highest proportion of both primary COVID-19 patients and people who had contact with COVID- 19 was observed in the age group of 41–64 years (44.42% and 44.51%, respectively). Approximately one third of COVID-19 patients and people who had contact with COVID-19 were 18 to 40 years old (30.20% and 34.21% respectively). The proportions of children aged 0–6 years and 7–17 years among COVID-19 patients were 2.70% and 4.02%, respectively;the same proportions among those who had contact with COVID-19 cases were 1.94 and 3.13%, respectively. Household contacts were the most common ways of COVID-19 transmission in all age groups. Patients aged between 40 and 64 years played the most significant role in the transmission of this infection in different foci. Individuals from this age group comprised 42.02% of patients infected in social institutions, 43.40% of those who had household contacts, and 47.70% of those infected at work. Conclusion. Patients with mild and moderate disease aged 18 to 64 years had the highest number of contacts and, therefore, caused the highest number of secondary cases of infection. Household contacts played the most important role in COVID-19 transmission in all age groups. Among people aged 18 to 64 years, COVID-19 transmission at work was also important. In all foci of infection, the majority of patients were in the age group of 40–64 years. Our findings can be used to optimize the preventive measures for COVID-19. © 2021, Dynasty Publishing House. All rights reserved.
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Main drugs used to treat COVID-19 and its complications are reviewed. Brief information about the molecular mechanisms of action of etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic palliative drugs is given. A comparative analysis of data available on the efficacy and safety of drugs and the risks of drug interactions is carried out. There are currently no proven effective treatments for COVID-19. Rapidly expanding knowledge about the nature of SARS-CoV-2 is creating conditions for increase in the number of potential drug targets for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Objective. To perform interim analysis of epidemiological parameters of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation. Material and methods. The article is based on the analysis of individual monitoring data carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for January-June 2020. Results. The epidemic process in Moscow and Moscow region (MR) differed from that in other regions. In Moscow and MR, daily increase of new coronavirus cases was characterized by high absolute numbers and varied between 5.0% and 29.2% in March-April 2020. The peak (7,446 new cases) was registered on May 6;after that, the number of new cases was rapidly declining and decreased by 84.9% from the peak value by June 30. This was ensured by strict restrictive measures and effective control in Moscow and MR. In other regions, daily increase of new cases varied between 2.9% and 52.6%. The peak incidence was registered on May 21 (6,021 new cases), whereas the plateau phase was observed between May 14 and June 17, 2020 (5,808-6,021 new cases daily). Only by June 28, the number of new cases decreased by 43.8% from the peak value. During this time, the number of new cases in Moscow and MR was already 3 times lower. This can be explained by less severe restrictions in other regions. Half of patients (50.1%) had mild disease. The majority of patients were aged 41-64 (44.4%) and 18-40 years (30.2%). In the age group >40 years, women prevailed;however, they usually had milder disease, which was observed in all age groups >18 years. Conclusion. The characteristics of the epidemic process in Russia were largely determined by the restrictive measures introduced in March 2020. These measures significantly reduced both the epidemic intensity of COVID-19 and the role of children of various age groups in it. The earlier start of active circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow and MR, as well as its subsequent spread to the regions by labor migrants who returned from the capital led to a significant difference in the dynamics of new cases at the decline of the epidemic. Цель. Промежуточный анализ компонентов эпидемического процесса COVID-19 в Российской Федерации. Материалы и методы. В основу статьи положен анализ отдельных данных мониторинга, проводимого Роспотребнадзором за январь-июнь 2020 г. Результаты. Эпидемический процесс в Москве и Московской области (МиМо) отличался по сравнению с остальными регионами. В МиМо темп ежедневного прироста новых случаев характеризовался высокими абсолютными значениями и варьировал в течение марта-апреля 2020 г. от 5,0 до 29,2%. Пик (7446 новых случаев) зарегистрирован в МиМо 6 мая, в дальнейшем регистрация новых случаев резко пошла на убыль, снизившись к 30 июня на 84,9% от пикового значения. Этому способствовали введенные в МиМо строгие и постоянно контролируемые ограничительные мероприятия. Суммарно в остальных регионах темп ежедневного прироста новых случаев варьировал от 2,9 до 52,6%. Пик заболеваемости пришелся на 21 мая (6021 новых случаев), а фаза «плато» - на период с 14 мая по 17 июня 2020 г. (5808-6021 новый случай ежедневно). Лишь к 28 июня число новых случаев сократилось на 43,8% от пикового значения. В эти же дни в МиМо количество ежедневно регистрируемых случаев было уже 3 раза меньше. Такому характеру эпидемической кривой способствовало более позднее начало активной циркуляции вируса SARS-CoV-2 во многих регионах. Легкие формы COVID-19 встречались чаще всего (50,1%). Наибольший процент заболевших регистрировался в возрасте 41-64 (44,4%) и 18-40 лет (30,2%). Начиная с возраста 40 лет в процентном отношении среди заболевших начинали преобладать женщины, но заболевание у них во все возрастные периоды, начиная с 18 лет, протекало в более легкой форме. Заключение. Особенности эпидемического процесса в России связаны с ограничительными мероприятиями, введенными в марте 2020 г. и значительно снизившими как интенсивность эпидемии, так роль в ней детей различных возрастных групп. Более раннее начало активной циркуляции вируса SARS-CoV-2 в МиМо и последующее его распространение в регионах трудовыми мигрантами, вернувшимися из столицы, привели к существенной разнице в динамике снижения темпов убыли новых случаев COVID-19 на спаде эпидемии.
RESUMEN
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic around the world and in Russia remains a major event of 2020. All over the world, research is being conducted to comprehensively study the patterns and manifestations of the epidemic process. The main quantitative characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics among the population, based on the data of official monitoring over the current situation, play an important role in the development of the epidemiological surveillance system. The aim of this study is to explore the peculiarities of age-gender distribution of COVID-19 patients in Moscow. Material and methods. The data related to the epidemiological characteristics of age-gender structure of COVID-19 patients in Moscow between March 19, 2020 and April 15, 2020, at different stages of the epidemic were retrospectively analyzed. Results and discussion. The mean age of COVID-19 patients in Moscow was 46,41±20,58 years. The gender ratio (male/female) among the patients was 52.7/47.3 %, wherein the indicators varied depending upon the age. Male/female ratio in the age group “under 39” stood at 53.7/46.3 %, and “over 40 years of age” – at 39.3/60.7 %. The predominant age range among male cases was 19 to 39 years old – 35.4 %, while among female patients – 40–59 years (36.5 %). The age distribution of patients in Moscow is indicative of the fact that COVID-19 is a disease that primarily affects older age groups. The age structure of all COVID-19 cases during the observation period is characterized by predominance of adult patients over 19 years of age – 92,7 % (92,6–92,8 %), the share of patients aged 40–59 years is 35,7% (35,5–35,9 %). The differences in the age distribution in males and females are as follows: in the male cohort, the age groups 19–39 years old and 40–59 years old prevail – 35.4 % (35.1–35.7 %) and 34.9 % (34.6–35.2 %), respectively. The age group 40–59 years old – 36.5 % (36.3–36.8%) dominates in the female cohort. © 2020 Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute. All rights reserved.
RESUMEN
Here we provide the assessment of COVID-19 epidemic in Italy, which scale has led to serious challenges both for society and national health care system. Despite timely information regarding the pandemic spread of the novel coronavirus infection, the country's health care was not prepared to dramatically increased rate of patients with viral pneumonia at the first stage of the epidemic, infection control measures were not fully implemented that also led to spread of infection among health care workers. Socially vulnerable population groups did not seek timely medical care due to the lack of hospital facilities as well as well-trained medical personnel. At the second stage of developing epidemic, were also delayed and executed at varying timepoints in neighbor regions, with sustained insufficient management after implementing them that was reflected as ongoing rise of epidemic curve over long time. Delayed execution of anti-epidemic restrictive measures aimed at fighting against ongoing epidemic resulted in substantially increased morbidity and mortality among vulnerable population groups and retarded rate of decreasing COVID-19 epidemic curve. Analyzing response measures taken in Italy against COVID-19 epidemic should be appreciated by other countries while dealing with the current pandemic and preparing to react to novel biological threats in the future.